New Yaskawa AC Servo Motor 32.8A 200V SGMG-44ASAAB Industrial Servo Motor

During this phase an individual is capable of executing high-quality movement in regards to optimal technique pattern, provided that the circumstances are normal. Errors still occur but they are less obvious and less frequent. As the player repeats the movement, his results improve. Movement becomes more coordinated, individual motor phases are interconnected, leading to a good and refined movement coordination. Progress in learning the technique is not continuous and depends on the characteristics and abilities of an individual. After many very successful executions of a technique, a momentary standstill may occur that is usually of short duration. Performing incorrect repetitions may have long-term consequences such as an unwanted consolidation of errors. The greater the number of error repetitions, the more the error becomes automatic and the harder it is to eradicate it. This is why many "self-taught" tennis players, skiers, swimmers and golf players face great difficulties when learning with a professional instructor, as their motor memory stores incorrect notions of movement, incorrect motor programmes and resulting errors. In this situation, interference occurs (according to Bernstein, Latash, 1998), when seemingly similar but essentially different programmes thwart each other and cause disturbances that hinder the correct execution of the technique.

Nevertheless, it is typical at this phase of motor learning that motor programmes are substantially more accurate and are connected primarily to kinesthetic receptors. All three signal systems, namely verbal, sensory and kinesthetic, are interconnected more efficiently. As a whole they form precise notions of movement in harmony with the external spatial and temporal coordinates. Movement is executed on the basis of a close coordination between what is desired and what is real. During this phase, anticipation of a movement distinctly improves, based on internal and external factors. The conscious control of movement subsides. The movement is executed "subconsciously" and subjectively with greater ease and relaxation. In addition to feedback, kinesthetic and sensory control, an adequate cognitive and symbolic system is also set up at this phase. An athlete translates concrete movements into ideas, terms or phrases, helping him to rationally control the movements and communicate better with the instructor. He may be able to give minute descriptions of his own movements, individual phases and key moments. Kinesthetic sensations become increasingly sharper and depend on changes in the environment and the tools. At this point, the methodology should focus on practising the technique in normal circumstances. Generally, a player scores good results in favourable conditions. Errors start appearing in difficult, unpredictable and changeable circumstances and cause the technique to collapse, possibly even producing long-term negative consequences on the game. The player and the instructor have to set a goal: execute the technique correctly, consistently and under standard circumstances.